宛氏拟青霉提取物对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗的生理适应性

为探讨沙棘内生菌提取物作为生物刺激素对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长的影响，于沙棘内生菌宛氏拟青霉（Paecilomyces variotii）中提取了生物刺激素PVE（Paecilomyces variotii extracts），并经液相色谱对PVE的活性物质进行了富集纯化。通过水稻液培试验，设无盐（CK）、添加NaCl（NS）、添加PVE和NaCl（PN1）、添加PVE纯化物和NaCl（PN2）4个处理，研究生物刺激素对水稻的耐盐效应。结果表明，施用生物刺激素能够缓解盐胁迫对水稻生长造成的严重抑制。PN1、PN2处理较NS处理提高了叶片与根系的干质量，减少了植株体内的水分流失，增加了根系的直径和吸收面积，但根长相较于CK处理无显著差异；PN2处理叶片鲜质量、叶片含水量、根系含水量较PN1处理分别增加了12.44%、1.13%和0.42%。与NS处理相比，PN1和PN2处理叶片光合速率分别提高了34.08%和40.82%，蒸腾速率分别提高了23.90%和18.86%，PN1和PN2处理还显著提高了叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性，使丙二醛（MDA）含量分别降低了28.36%和20.97%。PN2处理叶片和根系中的Na⁺含量较NS处理分别降低了36.31%和10.85%，从而降低了Na⁺/K⁺，保证了植株体内的离子平衡。研究表明，PVE及PVE纯化物在极低的浓度下具有较高的生理活性，并通过减少水分流失、促进根系生长、提高光合速率来减轻氧化损伤，同时以降低Na⁺流入的方式缓解盐胁迫对水稻幼苗的影响。     

典型乌龙茶产区氮素平衡状况及减排潜力研究

为探讨典型乌龙茶产区氮素平衡状况及温室气体减排潜力，基于2015-2017年在福建省安溪县和武夷山市茶园开展的355户农户调研数据和207个土壤数据，采用Boundary line方法，分析了典型乌龙茶产区的氮肥施用特征、氮素平衡状况以及温室气体减排潜力。结果表明：安溪县茶园平均氮肥投入量509.4 kg·hm^-2，主要来源于复合肥和尿素，全年氮盈余量479.1 kg·hm^-2；武夷山市茶园平均氮肥投入量218.1 kg·hm^-2，主要来源于复合肥，全年氮盈余量189.8 kg·hm^-2；氮素投入与氮养分盈余量之间具有极显著的正相关关系；随着氮素盈余量的增加，土壤全氮含量也随之增加，并且安溪茶园的土壤全氮含量比武夷山茶园更高；基于Boundary line方法，安溪县和武夷山市茶园的氮肥优化用量分别为411.3 kg·hm^-2和157.7 kg·hm^-2；通过优化氮肥投入和管理水平可分别实现安溪县和武夷山市茶园温室气体减排62.0%和68.0%。在安溪县和武夷山市乌龙茶产区中，氮肥施用严重过量，导致氮素盈余量和温室气体排放量较高，应通过优化氮肥用量达到减少氮素过量盈余和降低茶园温室气体排放的目的。     

保护性耕作对土壤团聚体、微生物及线虫群落的影响研究进展

保护性耕作具有良好的生态效益，有利于农业生态系统的可持续发展。本文对比分析了国内外有关常规耕作和保护性耕作措施对土壤团聚体、土壤有机碳、土壤微生物及土壤线虫影响的研究进展。结果表明：保护性耕作减少土壤大团聚体的破坏，降低团聚体周转速率，提高土壤结构的稳定性；保护性耕作提高表层土壤总有机碳及活性有机碳含量；保护性耕作可以提高耕层微生物生物量，尤其对真菌生物量影响显著；保护性耕作不同程度地提高了团聚体中微生物量和微生物多样性，但并未改变微生物在团聚体中的分布模式；保护性耕作可提高土壤线虫多度，提高原状土壤和土壤各粒级团聚体中线虫群落的成熟度指数和结构指数，但并未改变线虫总数、营养类群、功能团及生态指数在团聚体中的分布模式。针对目前国内外研究现状，展望了保护性耕作今后的研究重点，以期为因地制宜选取保护性耕作措施提供理论支持，推进我国农业可持续发展。     

秸秆还田对麦玉系统土壤有机碳稳定性的影响

为揭示不同秸秆还田量对华北小麦-玉米轮作系统土壤有机碳官能团结构及稳定性的影响,研究了秸秆还田5 a后土壤有机碳官能团结构、团聚体组成及有机碳含量、活性有机碳含量、土壤铁离子的变化。田间实验设置4个处理:秸秆不还田作为对照(CK)、秸秆1/3还田(S1)、秸秆2/3还田(S2)、秸秆全部还田(S3)。采用常规方法测定土壤理化性质、粒径、铁离子及土壤微生物量碳含量,13C核磁共振波谱技术(NMR)检测分析土壤有机碳官能团结构。结果表明:秸秆还田5 a后,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、2mm与2.00～0.25 mm团聚体有机碳、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化态碳(EOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量,均随还田量增加而逐渐增加,且不同处理增加量不同,与CK相比,S3处理显著增加了这些有机碳的含量(P0.05)。各处理土壤有机碳以烷基碳与烷氧基碳为主,其次是芳香碳与羰基碳,秸秆还田增加了烷氧基碳、羰基碳(易分解碳组分)含量,降低了烷基碳和芳香碳(难分解碳组分)含量,与CK相比,S3处理显著增加烷氧基碳含量(P0.05)而显著降低了芳香碳含量(P0.05)。与CK相比,S2、S3处理也显著降低了有机碳的芳香度、疏水碳/亲水碳、烷基碳/烷氧基碳比值(P0.05),而对脂族碳/芳香碳影响不明显。与CK相比,S3处理显著增加了2.00 mm团聚体组分,增加了2.00～0.25 mm组分,而降低了0.25～0.053 mm组分和显著降低了0.053 mm组分(P0.05)。秸秆还田对土壤游离铁、活性铁、螯合铁含量的影响不明显。有机碳官能团组成与土壤因子间的冗余分析表明土壤TOC、MBC含量、团聚体组分、铁离子的改变是导致不同处理间有机碳官能团结构存在差异的重要原因。综上所述,由于短期秸秆还田增加了活性有机碳含量、易分解有机碳组分,减少了难分解有机碳组分,降低了微团聚体物理保护作用,改变了微生物活性和铁离子络合作用,在一定程度上降低了土壤有机碳稳定性,可能导致麦玉复种系统土壤碳排放水平的增加。     

引入科研前沿对植物生理学教学方法的改进和效果分析

大学生普遍存在科研创新意识差、缺乏科研热情的现象.补充相关科研进展,将科研前沿引进课堂成为一种趋势,笔者对植物生理学光合作用这一章关于补充光合碳同化科研进展与否的教学实践结果进行对比分析,采用调查问卷的形式,围绕已讲授和未讲授光合碳同化适应性进化这一科研前沿进行调查,旨在实现学生对光合碳同化途径多元化发展进化的理解和深化,启发学生对固有知识的质疑和求解热情,达到提升科研兴趣和创新能力,实现精品课程培养满足国家和地方发展需要的高素质人才的目的.     

对我国LULUCF碳计量监测方法的探讨

围绕我国林业编制温室气体清单这一重要工作,介绍了IPCC关于LULUCF温室气体清单编制系列技术指南的技术要点和要求,阐明了我国林业温室气体清单编制工作的进展,提出了林业开展LULUCF碳监测工作未来面临的需求。同时,在分析美国、欧盟、加拿大等发达国家LULUCF温室气体清单编制做法和经验的基础上,提出了"在森林资源清查样地系统上构建"、"新布设LULUCF大样地系统"等2种开展LULUCF碳监测的思路,目的是为推动我国林业LULUCF碳监测达到国际先进水平提供建议。     

不同包膜肥用量对油菜碳氮代谢产物和产量的影响

为研究包膜肥在直播早熟油菜上的应用效果,采用田间小区试验,探究不同用量包膜肥对‘湘杂油1613’碳氮代谢和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,施肥量相同条件下,施用包膜肥油菜碳氮代谢活跃,叶绿素含量(SPAD)升高,可溶性糖和游离氨基酸总量增加,含量差异不明显;单株有效分枝数和角果数明显增加,每角果粒数和千粒重小幅提高。施用包膜肥增产效果明显,包膜肥施肥量为1500 kg/hm~2时产量最高,达到2066.9 kg/hm~2。通过拟合建模,包膜肥用量为1611.0 kg/hm~2时,产量达到最高为2164.9 kg/hm~2;而普通肥的用量为1870.5 kg/hm~2时,最高产量为1904.8 kg/hm~2,包膜肥产量增加13.6%,同时用量减少13.9%。     

Environmental stress response limits microbial necromass contributions to soil organic carbon

The majority of dead organic material enters the soil carbon pool following initial incorporation into microbial biomass. The decomposition of microbial necromass carbon (C) is, therefore, an important process governing the balance between terrestrial and atmospheric C pools. We tested how abiotic stress (drought), biotic interactions (invertebrate grazing) and physical disturbance influence the biochemistry (C:N ratio and calcium oxalate production) of living fungal cells, and the subsequent stabilization of fungal-derived C after senescence. We traced the fate of ¹³C-labeled necromass from ‘stressed’ and ‘unstressed’ fungi into living soil microbes, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total soil carbon and respired CO₂. All stressors stimulated the production of calcium oxalate crystals and enhanced the C:N ratios of living fungal mycelia, leading to the formation of ‘recalcitrant’ necromass. Although we were unable to detect consistent effects of stress on the mineralization rates of fungal necromass, a greater proportion of the non-stressed (labile) fungal necromass C was stabilised in soil. Our finding is consistent with the emerging understanding that recalcitrant material is entirely decomposed within soil, but incorporated less efficiently into living microbial biomass and, ultimately, into stable SOC.     

Effects of Addition of Three Types of Biochar on the Soil Nitrogen Balance and Cotton Yield

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of biochar addition on the soil N balance and cotton yield in a drip-irrigated cotton field. The experiment included four soil amendments: control, cotton straw biochar, corn cob biochar, and poultry manure biochar. The biochar was applied at a rate of 4.5 t·hm^－2 except control. The results showed that all three types of biochar significantly reduced both the apparent soil N loss and the N surplus. The effect of cotton straw biochar treatment was most significant, relative to the control. Plant nitrogen uptake differed significantly between the different treatments, decreasing in the order cotton straw biochar > poultry manure biochar > corn cob biochar. Cotton yield also differed significantly between the different treatments, decreasing in the order poultry manure biochar > corn cob biochar, and cotton straw biochar.     

Short‐term releases of CO2 from newly mixed biochar and calcareous soil

The work aimed to quantify native organic C mobilized in one calcareous soil in the 21 days after addition of biochar at a range of large to very large applications. The experiment was carried out in unplanted microcosms, and CO₂ flux was used as a measure of net mineralization. A rapid methodological approach, which does not require ¹³C as a tracer, was used to assess any priming effects induced by the biochar. The amount of CO₂‐C mobilized was small relative to the amount of biochar C and proportional to the amount of the biochar added. The additional CO₂‐C was similar to the content of the water‐soluble organic carbon in the biochar added with each application. No interaction with native soil C, that is priming effect, was observed.